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<H1 class="no-header">curs_util 3x 2023-09-16 ncurses 6.4 Library calls</H1>
<PRE>
<STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG>                    Library calls                   <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG>




</PRE><H2><a name="h2-NAME">NAME</a></H2><PRE>
       <STRONG>delay_output</STRONG>,  <STRONG>filter</STRONG>,  <STRONG>flushinp</STRONG>,  <STRONG>getwin</STRONG>, <STRONG>key_name</STRONG>, <STRONG>keyname</STRONG>, <STRONG>nofilter</STRONG>,
       <STRONG>putwin</STRONG>, <STRONG>unctrl</STRONG>, <STRONG>use_env</STRONG>, <STRONG>use_tioctl</STRONG>,  <STRONG>wunctrl</STRONG>  -  miscellaneous  <EM>curses</EM>
       utility routines


</PRE><H2><a name="h2-SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></H2><PRE>
       <STRONG>#include</STRONG> <STRONG>&lt;curses.h&gt;</STRONG>

       <STRONG>const</STRONG> <STRONG>char</STRONG> <STRONG>*unctrl(chtype</STRONG> <EM>c</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG>
       <STRONG>wchar_t</STRONG> <STRONG>*wunctrl(cchar_t</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG><EM>c</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG>

       <STRONG>const</STRONG> <STRONG>char</STRONG> <STRONG>*keyname(int</STRONG> <EM>c</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG>
       <STRONG>const</STRONG> <STRONG>char</STRONG> <STRONG>*key_name(wchar_t</STRONG> <EM>w</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG>

       <STRONG>void</STRONG> <STRONG>filter(void);</STRONG>

       <STRONG>void</STRONG> <STRONG>use_env(bool</STRONG> <EM>f</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG>

       <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>putwin(WINDOW</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG><EM>win</EM><STRONG>,</STRONG> <STRONG>FILE</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG><EM>filep</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG>
       <STRONG>WINDOW</STRONG> <STRONG>*getwin(FILE</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG><EM>filep</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG>

       <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>delay_output(int</STRONG> <EM>ms</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG>
       <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>flushinp(void);</STRONG>

       /* extensions */
       <STRONG>void</STRONG> <STRONG>nofilter(void);</STRONG>
       <STRONG>void</STRONG> <STRONG>use_tioctl(bool</STRONG> <EM>f</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG>


</PRE><H2><a name="h2-DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a></H2><PRE>

</PRE><H3><a name="h3-unctrl">unctrl</a></H3><PRE>
       The  <STRONG>unctrl</STRONG>  routine  returns  a  character string which is a printable
       representation of the character <EM>c</EM>:

       <STRONG>o</STRONG>   Printable characters are displayed  as  themselves,  e.g.,  a  one-
           character string containing the key.

       <STRONG>o</STRONG>   Control characters are displayed in the <STRONG>^</STRONG><EM>X</EM> notation.

       <STRONG>o</STRONG>   Printing characters are displayed as is.

       <STRONG>o</STRONG>   DEL (character 127) is displayed as <STRONG>^?</STRONG>.

       <STRONG>o</STRONG>   Values  above 128 are either meta characters (if the screen has not
           been initialized, or if  <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">meta(3x)</A></STRONG>  has  been  called  with  a  <STRONG>TRUE</STRONG>
           parameter),  shown  in  the  <STRONG>M-</STRONG><EM>X</EM>  notation,  or  are  displayed  as
           themselves.  In the latter case, the values may not  be  printable;
           this follows the X/Open specification.

       The  corresponding  <STRONG>wunctrl</STRONG>  returns  a  printable  representation of a
       complex character <EM>c</EM>.

       In both <STRONG>unctrl</STRONG> and <STRONG>wunctrl</STRONG> the attributes and color associated with the
       character parameter are ignored.


</PRE><H3><a name="h3-keyname_key_name">keyname/key_name</a></H3><PRE>
       The <STRONG>keyname</STRONG> routine returns a character string corresponding to the key
       <EM>c</EM>.  Key codes are different from character codes.

       <STRONG>o</STRONG>   Key codes below 256  are  characters.   They  are  displayed  using
           <STRONG>unctrl</STRONG>.

       <STRONG>o</STRONG>   Values  above 256 may be the codes for function keys.  The function
           key name is displayed.

       <STRONG>o</STRONG>   Otherwise (if there is no corresponding name and the key is  not  a
           character)  the  function returns null, to denote an error.  X/Open
           also  lists   an   "UNKNOWN   KEY"   return   value,   which   some
           implementations return rather than null.

       The   corresponding  <STRONG>key_name</STRONG>  returns  a  multibyte  character  string
       corresponding  to  the  wide-character  value  <EM>w</EM>.   The  two  functions
       (<STRONG>keyname</STRONG> and <STRONG>key_name</STRONG>) do not return the same set of strings:

       <STRONG>o</STRONG>   <STRONG>keyname</STRONG> returns null where <STRONG>key_name</STRONG> would display a meta character.

       <STRONG>o</STRONG>   <STRONG>key_name</STRONG> does not return the name of a function key.


</PRE><H3><a name="h3-filter_nofilter">filter/nofilter</a></H3><PRE>
       The  <STRONG>filter</STRONG>  routine, if used, must be called before <STRONG>initscr</STRONG> or <STRONG>newterm</STRONG>
       are called.  Calling <STRONG>filter</STRONG> causes these changes in initialization:

       <STRONG>o</STRONG>   <STRONG>LINES</STRONG> is set to 1;

       <STRONG>o</STRONG>   the  capabilities  <STRONG>clear</STRONG>,  <STRONG>cud1</STRONG>,  <STRONG>cud</STRONG>,  <STRONG>cup</STRONG>,  <STRONG>cuu1</STRONG>,  <STRONG>cuu</STRONG>,  <STRONG>vpa</STRONG>  are
           disabled;

       <STRONG>o</STRONG>   the capability <STRONG>ed</STRONG> is disabled if <STRONG>bce</STRONG> is set;

       <STRONG>o</STRONG>   and the <STRONG>home</STRONG> string is set to the value of <STRONG>cr</STRONG>.

       The  <STRONG>nofilter</STRONG>  routine  cancels  the effect of a preceding <STRONG>filter</STRONG> call.
       That allows the caller to initialize a screen on  a  different  device,
       using  a  different  value of <STRONG>$TERM</STRONG>.  The limitation arises because the
       <STRONG>filter</STRONG> routine modifies the in-memory copy of the terminal information.


</PRE><H3><a name="h3-use_env">use_env</a></H3><PRE>
       The <STRONG>use_env</STRONG> routine, if  used,  should  be  called  before  <STRONG>initscr</STRONG>  or
       <STRONG>newterm</STRONG>  are  called  (because  those  compute  the  screen  size).  It
       modifies the way <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> treats environment variables when  determining
       the screen size.

       <STRONG>o</STRONG>   Normally  <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG>  looks  first  at  the  terminal database for the
           screen size.

           If <STRONG>use_env</STRONG> was called with  <STRONG>FALSE</STRONG>  for  parameter,  it  stops  here
           unless <STRONG>use_tioctl</STRONG> was also called with <STRONG>TRUE</STRONG> for parameter.

       <STRONG>o</STRONG>   Then  it  asks  for the screen size via operating system calls.  If
           successful, it overrides the values from the terminal database.

       <STRONG>o</STRONG>   Finally (unless <STRONG>use_env</STRONG> was called with <STRONG>FALSE</STRONG>  parameter),  <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG>
           examines  the <STRONG>LINES</STRONG> or <STRONG>COLUMNS</STRONG> environment variables, using a value
           in those to override the  results  from  the  operating  system  or
           terminal database.

           <STRONG>Ncurses</STRONG>  also  updates  the  screen  size  in response to <STRONG>SIGWINCH</STRONG>,
           unless overridden by the <STRONG>LINES</STRONG> or <STRONG>COLUMNS</STRONG> environment variables,


</PRE><H3><a name="h3-use_tioctl">use_tioctl</a></H3><PRE>
       The <STRONG>use_tioctl</STRONG> routine, if used, should be  called  before  <STRONG>initscr</STRONG>  or
       <STRONG>newterm</STRONG>  are  called  (because  those  compute the screen size).  After
       <STRONG>use_tioctl</STRONG> is called with <STRONG>TRUE</STRONG> as an  argument,  <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG>  modifies  the
       last step in its computation of screen size as follows:

       <STRONG>o</STRONG>   checks  if the <STRONG>LINES</STRONG> and <STRONG>COLUMNS</STRONG> environment variables are set to a
           number greater than zero.

       <STRONG>o</STRONG>   for each, <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> updates the  corresponding  environment  variable
           with  the  value  that it has obtained via operating system call or
           from the terminal database.

       <STRONG>o</STRONG>   <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> re-fetches the value of the environment variables  so  that
           it is still the environment variables which set the screen size.

       The <STRONG>use_env</STRONG> and <STRONG>use_tioctl</STRONG> routines combine as summarized here:

           <STRONG>use_env</STRONG>   <STRONG>use_tioctl</STRONG>   <STRONG>Summary</STRONG>
           ----------------------------------------------------------------
           TRUE      FALSE        This  is  the default behavior.  <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG>
                                  uses  operating  system   calls   unless
                                  overridden   by   $LINES   or   $COLUMNS
                                  environment variables.
           TRUE      TRUE         <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG>  updates  $LINES  and   $COLUMNS
                                  based on operating system calls.
           FALSE     TRUE         <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG>  ignores  $LINES  and  $COLUMNS,
                                  uses operating system  calls  to  obtain
                                  size.
           FALSE     FALSE        <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG>  relies on the terminal database
                                  to determine size.


</PRE><H3><a name="h3-putwin_getwin">putwin/getwin</a></H3><PRE>
       The <STRONG>putwin</STRONG> routine writes all data associated with window (or pad)  <EM>win</EM>
       into  the  file  to  which <EM>filep</EM> points.  This information can be later
       retrieved using the <STRONG>getwin</STRONG> function.

       The <STRONG>getwin</STRONG> routine reads window related data  stored  in  the  file  by
       <STRONG>putwin</STRONG>.   The  routine  then creates and initializes a new window using
       that data.  It returns a pointer to the new window.  There  are  a  few
       caveats:

       <STRONG>o</STRONG>   the  data  written  is  a  copy  of  the  <STRONG>WINDOW</STRONG> structure, and its
           associated character cells.  The format differs between  the  wide-
           character  (<STRONG>ncursesw</STRONG>)  and  non-wide  (<STRONG>ncurses</STRONG>) libraries.  You can
           transfer data between the two, however.

       <STRONG>o</STRONG>   the retrieved window is always created as a  top-level  window  (or
           pad), rather than a subwindow.

       <STRONG>o</STRONG>   the  window's character cells contain the color pair <EM>value</EM>, but not
           the actual color <EM>numbers</EM>.  If cells in  the  retrieved  window  use
           color  pairs  which  have not been created in the application using
           <STRONG>init_pair</STRONG>, they will not be colored when the window is refreshed.


</PRE><H3><a name="h3-delay_output">delay_output</a></H3><PRE>
       The <STRONG>delay_output</STRONG> routine inserts an <EM>ms</EM>  millisecond  pause  in  output.
       This  routine should not be used extensively because padding characters
       are used  rather  than  a  CPU  pause.   If  no  padding  character  is
       specified, this uses <STRONG>napms</STRONG> to perform the delay.


</PRE><H3><a name="h3-flushinp">flushinp</a></H3><PRE>
       The  <STRONG>flushinp</STRONG>  routine throws away any typeahead that has been typed by
       the user and has not yet been read by the program.


</PRE><H2><a name="h2-RETURN-VALUE">RETURN VALUE</a></H2><PRE>
       Except for <STRONG>flushinp</STRONG>, routines that return an integer  return  <STRONG>ERR</STRONG>  upon
       failure  and <STRONG>OK</STRONG> (SVr4 specifies only "an integer value other than <STRONG>ERR</STRONG>")
       upon successful completion.

       Routines that return pointers return <STRONG>NULL</STRONG> on error.

       X/Open does not define any error conditions.  In this implementation

          <STRONG>flushinp</STRONG>
               returns an error if the terminal was not initialized.

          <STRONG>putwin</STRONG>
               returns an error if  the  associated  <STRONG>fwrite</STRONG>  calls  return  an
               error.


</PRE><H2><a name="h2-PORTABILITY">PORTABILITY</a></H2><PRE>

</PRE><H3><a name="h3-filter">filter</a></H3><PRE>
       The  SVr4  documentation  describes  the  action  of <STRONG>filter</STRONG> only in the
       vaguest terms.  The description here is adapted  from  the  XSI  Curses
       standard (which erroneously fails to describe the disabling of <STRONG>cuu</STRONG>).


</PRE><H3><a name="h3-keyname">keyname</a></H3><PRE>
       The  <STRONG>keyname</STRONG>  function  may  return  the  names  of user-defined string
       capabilities which are defined in the terminfo entry via the <STRONG>-x</STRONG>  option
       of <STRONG>tic</STRONG>.  This implementation automatically assigns at run-time keycodes
       to user-defined strings which begin with "k".  The  keycodes  start  at
       KEY_MAX, but are not guaranteed to be the same value for different runs
       because user-defined codes are merged from  all  terminal  descriptions
       which  have  been loaded.  The <STRONG><A HREF="curs_extend.3x.html">use_extended_names(3x)</A></STRONG> function controls
       whether this data is loaded when the terminal description  is  read  by
       the library.


</PRE><H3><a name="h3-nofilter_use_tioctl">nofilter/use_tioctl</a></H3><PRE>
       The  <STRONG>nofilter</STRONG>  and  <STRONG>use_tioctl</STRONG>  routines are specific to <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG>.  They
       were not supported on Version 7, BSD or System V  implementations.   It
       is  recommended  that  any  code  depending  on  <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG>  extensions be
       conditioned using NCURSES_VERSION.


</PRE><H3><a name="h3-putwin_getwin-file-format">putwin/getwin file-format</a></H3><PRE>
       The <STRONG>putwin</STRONG> and <STRONG>getwin</STRONG> functions have several issues with portability:

       <STRONG>o</STRONG>   The  files  written  and   read   by   these   functions   use   an
           implementation-specific  format.  Although the format is an obvious
           target for standardization, it has been overlooked.

           Interestingly enough, according to the copyright dates  in  Solaris
           source,  the  functions (along with <STRONG>scr_init</STRONG>, etc.) originated with
           the University of California, Berkeley (in 1982) and were later (in
           1988)  incorporated  into SVr4.  Oddly, there are no such functions
           in the 4.3BSD curses sources.

       <STRONG>o</STRONG>   Most implementations simply dump the binary <STRONG>WINDOW</STRONG> structure to the
           file.   These  include SVr4 curses, NetBSD and PDCurses, as well as
           older <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> versions.  This implementation (as well as the X/Open
           variant of Solaris curses, dated 1995) uses textual dumps.

           The  implementations  which  use  binary  dumps  use block-I/O (the
           <STRONG>fwrite</STRONG> and <STRONG>fread</STRONG> functions).  Those  that  use  textual  dumps  use
           buffered-I/O.  A few applications may happen to write extra data in
           the file using these functions.  Doing that can run  into  problems
           mixing  block-  and  buffered-I/O.  This implementation reduces the
           problem on writes by flushing the output.  However, reading from  a
           file written using mixed schemes may not be successful.


</PRE><H3><a name="h3-unctrl_wunctrl">unctrl/wunctrl</a></H3><PRE>
       The  XSI Curses standard, Issue 4 describes these functions.  It states
       that <STRONG>unctrl</STRONG> and <STRONG>wunctrl</STRONG> will return a null pointer if unsuccessful, but
       does  not  define any error conditions.  This implementation checks for
       three cases:

       <STRONG>o</STRONG>   the parameter is a 7-bit US-ASCII code.   This  is  the  case  that
           X/Open Curses documented.

       <STRONG>o</STRONG>   the parameter is in the range 128-159, i.e., a C1 control code.  If
           <STRONG><A HREF="legacy_coding.3x.html">use_legacy_coding(3x)</A></STRONG> has been called with a  <STRONG>2</STRONG>  parameter,  <STRONG>unctrl</STRONG>
           returns  the  parameter,  i.e.,  a  one-character  string  with the
           parameter as the first  character.   Otherwise,  it  returns  "~@",
           "~A", etc., analogous to "^@", "^A", C0 controls.

           X/Open Curses does not document whether <STRONG>unctrl</STRONG> can be called before
           initializing curses.  This implementation permits that, and returns
           the "~@", etc., values in that case.

       <STRONG>o</STRONG>   parameter values outside the 0 to 255 range.  <STRONG>unctrl</STRONG> returns a null
           pointer.

       The strings returned by <STRONG>unctrl</STRONG> in this implementation are determined at
       compile  time,  showing C1 controls from the upper-128 codes with a "~"
       prefix  rather  than  "^".   Other   implementations   have   different
       conventions.    For  example,  they  may  show  both  sets  of  control
       characters with "^", and strip the parameter to 7 bits.   Or  they  may
       ignore  C1  controls and treat all of the upper-128 codes as printable.
       This implementation uses 8 bits but  does  not  modify  the  string  to
       reflect  locale.   The <STRONG><A HREF="legacy_coding.3x.html">use_legacy_coding(3x)</A></STRONG> function allows the caller
       to change the output of <STRONG>unctrl</STRONG>.

       Likewise, the <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">meta(3x)</A></STRONG> function allows the caller to change the  output
       of  <STRONG>keyname</STRONG>,  i.e.,  it  determines  whether to use the "M-" prefix for
       "meta"   keys   (codes   in   the   range   128    to    255).     Both
       <STRONG><A HREF="legacy_coding.3x.html">use_legacy_coding(3x)</A></STRONG>   and  <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">meta(3x)</A></STRONG>  succeed  only  after  curses  is
       initialized.  X/Open Curses does not document the  treatment  of  codes
       128 to 159.  When treating them as "meta" keys (or if <STRONG>keyname</STRONG> is called
       before  initializing  curses),  this  implementation  returns   strings
       "M-^@", "M-^A", etc.

       X/Open Curses documents <STRONG>unctrl</STRONG> as declared in <STRONG>&lt;unctrl.h&gt;</STRONG>, which <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG>
       does.  However, <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG>' <STRONG>&lt;curses.h&gt;</STRONG> includes <STRONG>&lt;unctrl.h&gt;</STRONG>,  matching  the
       behavior of SVr4 curses.  Other implementations may not do that.


</PRE><H3><a name="h3-use_env_use_tioctl">use_env/use_tioctl</a></H3><PRE>
       If  <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG>  is  configured  to provide the sp-functions extension, the
       state of <STRONG>use_env</STRONG> and <STRONG>use_tioctl</STRONG> may be  updated  before  creating  each
       <EM>screen</EM>  rather  than  once  only  (<STRONG><A HREF="curs_sp_funcs.3x.html">curs_sp_funcs(3x)</A></STRONG>).  This feature of
       <STRONG>use_env</STRONG> is not provided by other implementations of curses.


</PRE><H2><a name="h2-SEE-ALSO">SEE ALSO</a></H2><PRE>
       <STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">curses(3x)</A></STRONG>,   <STRONG><A HREF="curs_initscr.3x.html">curs_initscr(3x)</A></STRONG>,    <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>,    <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">curs_kernel(3x)</A></STRONG>,
       <STRONG><A HREF="curs_scr_dump.3x.html">curs_scr_dump(3x)</A></STRONG>,        <STRONG><A HREF="curs_sp_funcs.3x.html">curs_sp_funcs(3x)</A></STRONG>,        <STRONG><A HREF="curs_variables.3x.html">curs_variables(3x)</A></STRONG>,
       <STRONG><A HREF="legacy_coding.3x.html">legacy_coding(3x)</A></STRONG>.



ncurses 6.4                       2023-09-16                     <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG>
</PRE>
<div class="nav">
<ul>
<li><a href="#h2-NAME">NAME</a></li>
<li><a href="#h2-SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></li>
<li><a href="#h2-DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#h3-unctrl">unctrl</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-keyname_key_name">keyname/key_name</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-filter_nofilter">filter/nofilter</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-use_env">use_env</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-use_tioctl">use_tioctl</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-putwin_getwin">putwin/getwin</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-delay_output">delay_output</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-flushinp">flushinp</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#h2-RETURN-VALUE">RETURN VALUE</a></li>
<li><a href="#h2-PORTABILITY">PORTABILITY</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#h3-filter">filter</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-keyname">keyname</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-nofilter_use_tioctl">nofilter/use_tioctl</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-putwin_getwin-file-format">putwin/getwin file-format</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-unctrl_wunctrl">unctrl/wunctrl</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-use_env_use_tioctl">use_env/use_tioctl</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#h2-SEE-ALSO">SEE ALSO</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
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